<p>Dying to Win:The Strategic Logic of Suicide Terrorism Author: Robert A. Pape Publisher: Random House Date of Publication: May 2005 ISBN: 1400063175 No. of Pages: 352 Buy This Book [Summary published by CapitolReader.com on September 15, 2005] Click here for more political and current events books from Random House. About The Author: Associate Professor of Political Science at the University of Chicago, Robert A. Pape teaches international politics and serves as the Director of the Project on Suicide Terrorism. Pape contributes to The New York Times, Foreign Affairs, The New Republic, The Washington Post, as well as national television and radio programs. General Overview: The American public and Americas politicians seem convinced that the major problem between Arab countries and the United States are caused by the adherents to Islam and that religions belief in holy wars. Pape set out to determine whether this conclusion was correct. He collected extensive information on suicide bombings committed between 1980 and 2003 around the world. This data was entered into a database for analysis. What Pape discovered disproved the relationship between Islam, or religion in general, and the bombings. Pape found that 96 percent of suicides were part of larger coherent political or military campaigns whose specific goal was to compel modern democracies to withdraw their military forces from territories the suicide bombers regard as their homeland. Expurgating the who, what, why and how of suicide bombers as well as predicting their propensities in the future is the focus of Dying to Win.</p><p>* Please Note: This CapitolReader.com summary does not offer judgment or opinion on the books content. The ideas, viewpoints and arguments are presented just as the books author has intended.</p><p>- Page 1Published by CapitolReader.com. Copyright 2005, Capitol Reader and Shamrock New Media, Inc. No part of this summary may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means without prior notice and consent from CapitolReader.com and Shamrock New Media, Inc. The respective copyrights of authors and publishers are acknowledged. The material provided is for general informational purposes only. Summarized by arrangement with The Random House Publishing Group, a division of Random House, Inc.</p><p>The Growing Threat Suicide terrorism is rising around the world. Many attacks, or at least those most publicized, were conducted by Muslim terrorists with ostensibly religious motives. For this reason, the conclusion that eliminating Islamic theocracies and replacing them with democracies seemed a way to prevent future terrorist attacks. Professor Pape set out to determine if making democracies out of monarchies, theocracies or other Arab governance forms would stop terrorist attacks. Over 315 attacks from all over the world were carefully researched and put into a database. This is the first complete database of suicide bombings ever created. Data was compiled through interviews with the terrorist groups, news organizations in target countries and global news media. From the data, there does not appear to be an association between religion of any kind and suicide bombings. Three facts emerged from the research: 1. Most suicide bombings are connected to larger, well-organized political or military strategies to evict democratic invaders from the bombers homeland. 2. Democracies are the target of these attacks. 3. Suicide bombers overwhelming desire is for personal or national selfdetermination. Suicide bombing attacks have become a mainstay for terrorist groups to achieve their strategic goals. The primary goal of the suicide bombings repeatedly staged against the United States, France, India, Israel, Russia, Sri Lanka and Turkey has been to liberate the bombers from occupation by the countries they are attacking. What is frightening is that the number of these types of attacks is increasing. In 2002 and 2003, Al Qaeda staged more attacks than in all the years prior to 2001. Since there is a clear and definitive association between occupation and suicide bombings, the war in Iraq is exactly the wrong strategy for stopping terrorist attacks. It is likely to increase the number and severity of such attacks. Explaining Suicide Terrorism The goal in assembling such a complete record of suicide terrorist acts was to explain the causes of and the reasons for the increases in suicide terrorism. But the goal was also intended to make clear where and how this practice has proliferated and, most importantly, what can prevent it. Studying this phenomenon will hopefully produce recommendations for policies that would be more successful than those based on assumptions. Suicide terrorist groups share several characteristics. They have fewer assets, weapons and members than their opposition. Usually, suicide terrorists have support for their political goals among members of a distinct national community. Suicide terror groups are typically devoted to their leaders and each other. Group initiates must pass through a system of rituals designed to test and strengthen member commitment to the group and its goals. Suicide groups also frequently receive financial assistance from countries that share their political goals. Regardless of aid given, suicide groups remain self-directed.- Page 2Published by CapitolReader.com. Copyright 2005, Capitol Reader and Shamrock New Media, Inc. No part of this summary may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means without prior notice and consent from CapitolReader.com and Shamrock New Media, Inc. The respective copyrights of authors and publishers are acknowledged. The material provided is for general informational purposes only. Summarized by arrangement with The Random House Publishing Group, a division of Random House, Inc.</p><p>Terrorism, both suicidal and non-suicidal, was created to intimidate a target audience and coerce them into changing their policies, strategies or implementations of both. Terrorists of both types use their tactics to gain and mobilize community and/or international support. Attacks can also be used to remove rival terror groups from the political landscape. Groups that practice suicide terrorism want to coerce both their opposition and their peers into embracing their politics. Tactics employed by suicide terrorists usually kill the terrorist as well as large numbers of other people. Because protecting the terrorist from harm is not a consideration, these groups use things like car bombs, planes flown into buildings or crowds and suicide vests. The advantage to the suicide approach is that the terrorist is able to ensure that the killing device reaches its target precisely. Similar tactics such as taking a gun to a public locations and shooting bystanders until killed or captured are not included in the suicide terrorist classification. True suicide attacks ensure the death of the terrorist as well as the death of many others. Given the scale of the September 11th suicide attacks, unraveling the mystery of the motivation of suicide terrorists becomes a very important part of understanding how to prevent such attacks. Orthodox terrorist theory has not addressed suicides specifically and studies that speculate that suicide terrorists have been suicidal or predisposed by religious training to killing themselves have not been effective in explaining why such attacks are increasing. For the theory of religious indoctrination or depression to be true, rates of either the associated religion or severe depression would have to have increased along with the increase in suicide terrorism. The largest cohort of suicide terrorists is the Tamil Tigers, who are not only not religious, but against religions. One-third of the suicide bombings committed in Muslim countries were executed by secular, non-Islamic-affiliated terrorist organizations. Islamic fundamentalists executed only half of the suicide attacks that occurred worldwide from 1980 to 2003. Viewed in this context, religious indoctrination cannot be said to be a complete explanation for suicide terrorism. Explaining suicide terrorism as an affect of an underlying depressive state is also an insufficient explanation when viewed in context. For suicide attacks to be a result of an underlying depressive disorder, the distribution of such attacks would be random, global and across all socio-economic groups just as depression is. The fact is that the overwhelming majority of societies dont experience suicide terrorist attacks. When countries experiencing political turmoil are cross-referenced to suicide terrorist attacks, there is no randomization. Dozens of these attacks have occurred in a handful of countries and bypassed the majority of the globe. Clearly, there has to be a sociological/economic/political explanation for why suicide bombers attack over and over in the same countries.</p><p>- Page 3Published by CapitolReader.com. Copyright 2005, Capitol Reader and Shamrock New Media, Inc. No part of this summary may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means without prior notice and consent from CapitolReader.com and Shamrock New Media, Inc. The respective copyrights of authors and publishers are acknowledged. The material provided is for general informational purposes only. Summarized by arrangement with The Random House Publishing Group, a division of Random House, Inc.</p><p>Suicide Terrorism Causes Before this study, suicide terrorism experts held that the individuals who perform such acts were: uneducated, unemployed, socially isolated, male, single, in their late teens and early 20s. The reality is that suicide terrorists come from a wide variety of backgrounds: college educated, non-educated, men, women, married, single, isolated, socially integrated and ranging in age from 15 to 52. Most did not exhibit suicidal tendencies; those who did manifest such symptoms were in the minority. Recently, some terrorism experts have suggested that suicide terrorism is a product of poverty or competition among nonstate groups. Poverty is an appealing explanation, but it is wrong. If poverty were the reason for suicide bombings, then the poorest countries should have bumper crops of people willing to strap on high explosives and hurl themselves at the problem. Among the poorest countries in the world, with average per capita incomes of three digits maximum, there have been no suicide bombings. Nor have their impoverished citizens volunteered to be bombers elsewhere. Similarly, the competition between similar groups theory doesnt appear to be adequate either. First, there are a number of countries with violent terrorist groups. Colombia, El Salvador, Nicaragua, Nigeria and Somalia all have several terrorist groups, but not one of these countries has experienced suicide bombings. Secondly, there are several Palestinian terrorist organizations and without exception, they use suicide bombings as a tactic. The presence of competitive groups doesnt appear to have increased the pace of these bombings as one would expect if only competition were the motivation. Lastly, the Tamil Tigers and Al Qaeda had no competition in their respective countries, yet initiated and continue to conduct suicide bombings. If poverty, psychological state and inter-group rivalry do not cause suicide terrorism, what are its causes? Intrinsic to the understanding of the phenomenon is the fact that terrorist suicide bombings are not driven by individual motivations, but by group motivations. While there may be a number of individual attacks, they are always driven by the strategic needs of a group. These attacks, generally occurring in clusters, are part of an organized plan to attain a specific goal. Contrary to popular belief, the motivations behind suicide bombings are not religious or specifically Islamic, but nationalistic. Regardless of their location, be it Indonesia or the West Bank or the United States, every group engaging in suicide terror tactics has had ridding their country of a foreign state with military forces in the terrorists perceived homeland. Without exception, the target countries have been democracies. Terrorists view democracies as more susceptible to coercion than other forms of government. This pattern fits all suicide terrorist groups including Al Qaeda where Osama bin Ladens priority is to coerce the U.S. to leave Saudi Arabia. Rates for suicide terrorism have been rising very rapidly for 20 years. Terrorists are embracing this tactic because it works. Groups employing this tactic have had victories they succeeded in getting the French out of Lebanon and the Sri Lankan government to- Page 4Published by CapitolReader.com. Copyright 2005, Capitol Reader and Shamrock New Media, Inc. No part of this summary may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means without prior notice and consent from CapitolReader.com and Shamrock New Media, Inc. The respective copyrights of authors and publishers are acknowledged. The material provided is for general informational purposes only. Summarized by arrangement with The Random House Publishing Group, a division of Random House, Inc.</p><p>create a separate state for the Tigers - and because their fellow countrymen perceive suicide terrorists as patriots, they generally find support in their homeland. While suicide terrorism is always in response to an occupying force, not all occupations result in suicide terrorism. Terrorist groups are most likely to engage in suicide attacks when the religion of the occupier is different than that of the populace of the occupied country. In this situation, the terrorists are reacting to a fear that the occupier will change the occupied society. This fear of change - being forced to adopt a new religion or be prohibited from practicing ones traditional religion - makes it easy to demonize the enemy. Killing the enemy thus becomes not murder, but a battle against the forces of evil. The religious element also permits suicide to be transformed into martyrdom. Because, contrary to conventional thinking on who becomes a suicide bomber, those who volunteer for suicide missions kill themselves not out of a sense of hopelessness or despair, they kill themselves (and their victims) to save their homeland and the community that they are very integrated into and which has given them a comfortable existence. Therefore, Americas current policies for fighting terrorism are wrong-headed from theory to implementation. Offensive military force, particularly when used to occupy an Arab country, is likely to accelerate suicide terrorism. Concessions to keep the peace will also not be effective over the long-term because they arent addressing the core issue. Being successful in fighting terrorism requires deterring attacks while altering the conditions that produced the terrorism to begin with. Using military offensive force will create more, not fewer suicide terrorists. The Strategy Behind..</p>
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Dying to Win is a startling work of analysis grounded in fact, not politics, that recommends concrete ways for states to fight and prevent terrorist attacks now. Transcending speculation with systematic scholarship, this is one of the most important studies of the terrorist threat to the United States and its allies since 9/11. Read and Download Dying To Win The Strategic Logic Of Suicide Terrorism Robert A Pape Free Ebooks in PDF format - SOLUTION MANUAL FOR INTERMEDIATE ACCOUNTING 14TH EDITION CALCULUS CLASSIC. Tamil folk songs free download by pushpavanam kuppusamy. American Political Science Review Vol. 3 Aueuqt 2003 The Strategic Logic of Suicide Terrorism ROBERT A. PAPE The University ofchicago uicide terrorism is rising around the world, but the most common explanations do not help us.
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Robert A Pape
What the publisher says: “In Dying to Win Robert Pape presents the findings of the first comprehensive database of every suicide terrorist attack in the world from 1980 until today.